I got a chance to go on the day sail with the tall ship Niagara on Monday. It was a fascinating voyage and left me wondering how sailors of yore managed to figure out all the complicated ballet of lines, canvas and rigging that would push a square-rigged ship through the water. I couldn’t imagine captains maneuvering these ships so they could blast the heck out of each other with cannons.
Here are a few of the things I learned during the voyage on Niagara:
I was stunned to see that the ship was steered by a tiller rather than a wheel such as you might see in the pirate movies. Capt. Wesley Heerssen noted that warships of the day used tillers because the wheel and its more complicated mechanism would be harder to repair if cannon fire struck parts of it. A tiller, on the other hand, could be replaced by any stout piece of lumber.
In a sea battle of the day, it always was better to be upwind of the enemy and it didn’t have much to do with clean air or maneuverability. It meant that if you fired your cannon, the smoke would trail downwind toward the enemy, partially obscuring their vision. And when they fired, their cannon smoke would be blown back into their ship.
“Shiver me timbers,” a stereotypical seaman’s phrase, actually was a working ship order. The timbers were the yardarms holding the topsails. Shiver me timbers referred to spilling air or luffing the sails, causing them to flutter in the wind and shake or “shiver” the wooden yardarms.
The crew members on Niagara are confined to hammocks in the poorly ventilated and cramped belowdecks area even on steamy nights while the ship is under way because there’s too much activity involved in sailing the ship on deck to have sleeping bodies around.
The bowsprit – the front of the ship that extends out over the water ahead of the ship’s hull and holds headsail booms and stays once was part of the ship called the bird’s head because the bowsprit resembled a beak and holes for anchor chains on each side of the bowsprit resembled eyes – like the giant head of a bird. It used to be the place where crew crawled out to go to the bathroom. That’s why a ships toilet still today is known as the head.
The Niagara can carry as much as 12,000 square feet of sail. The crew last tried to move the boat with its onboard supply of long oars about five years ago. They moved it, very, very slowly, and no one’s hankering to try it again anytime soon.
The ship’s 800 pound anchor is raised and lowered manually, usually with crew members winching it aboard using a giant capstan amidships. It’s like a giant spool of thread on end and has slots around its diameter that pieces of stout lumber will fit into creating a spoke-like arrangement. Each crew member is assigned to push against one of the lumber “spokes” as they walk in a circle around the capstan to winch the anchor aboard.
The captain said the ship usually stays off the water or out of the way of storms, but he recalls one harrowing episode in the northern Great Lakes when a storm blew up while the ship was anchored near the coast. The anchor wasn’t holding and the ship had to use both its engines running at full speed to help the anchor hold and keep the ship from being dashed against the coast. Of course, in the old days, the ships didn’t have engines.